In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus.This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels. Serial communication is used for all long-haul communication and most computer networks. Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel. The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur frequently. Components connected in series are connected along a single conductive path, so the same current flows through all of the components but voltage is dropped (lost) across each of the resistances. What is serial and parallel connection and when do I apply what? There are two different connection methods possible: serial connection and parallel connection. You need to know the difference for LED light wiring. LED has to be connected either in a serial or a parallel connection. How these have to be connected depends on the light source.
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A series circuit with a voltage source (such as a battery, or in this case a cell) and 3 resistance units
Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel. The two simplest of these are called series and parallel and occur frequently. Components connected in series are connected along a single conductive path, so the same current flows through all of the components but voltage is dropped (lost) across each of the resistances. In a series circuit, the sum of the voltages consumed by each individual resistance is equal to the source voltage.[1][2] Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths so that the current can split up; the same voltage is applied to each component.[1]
A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit.
Both series and parallel circuit connection are good but one is mostly preferred over the other for one reason or the other. Before we talk about the reason why parallel circuit connection is preferred over series connection, let’s recall what series and parallel connections are first. What is the difference between Ethernet and Serial communication? Ask Question. $begingroup$ All the mouse movements, USB connections and other PC peripherals such as printers etc. Are what is called serial communication. I'd say that discussions of serial and parallel interfaces don't mention networking don't mention TCP or Ethernet.
Apr 19, 2013 Connecting Batteries: Serial/Parallel/Serial and Parallel—DC Voltages, Current, and Wattage on Each. Updated on December 17, 2016. Contact Author. 4 pieces of 1.5 Volt batteries, connected in series/parallel. Connections between large batteries of many Ah, for example car batteries, should be accomplished with the proper.
In a series circuit, the current that flows through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component.[1] In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents flowing through each component.[1]
Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery. If a wire joins the battery to one bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, then back to the battery in one continuous loop, the bulbs are said to be in series. If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop, the bulbs are said to be in parallel. If the four light bulbs are connected in series, the same amperage flows through all of them and the voltage drop is 3-volts across each bulb, which may not be sufficient to make them glow. If the light bulbs are connected in parallel, the currents through the light bulbs combine to form the current in the battery, while the voltage drop is 12-volts across each bulb and they all glow.
In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. If one bulb burns out in a series circuit, the entire circuit is broken. In parallel circuits, each light bulb has its own circuit, so all but one light could be burned out, and the last one will still function.
- 1Series circuits
- 2Parallel circuits
Series circuits[edit]
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Series circuits are sometimes referred to as current-coupled or daisy chain-coupled. The current in a series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current.
A series circuit has only one path in which its current can flow. Opening or breaking a series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to 'open' or stop operating. For example, if even one of the light bulbs in an older-style string of Christmas tree lights burns out or is removed, the entire string becomes inoperable until the bulb is replaced.
Current[edit]
In a series circuit, the current is the same for all of the elements.
Voltage[edit]
In a series circuit, the voltage is the sum of the voltage drops of the individual components (resistance units).
Resistance units[edit]
The total resistance of resistance units in series is equal to the sum of their individual resistances:
Rs=>Resistance in series
Electrical conductance presents a reciprocal quantity to resistance. Total conductance of a series circuits of pure resistances, therefore, can be calculated from the following expression:
- .
For a special case of two resistances in series, the total conductance is equal to:
Inductors[edit]
Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors in series is equal to the sum of their individual inductances:
However, in some situations, it is difficult to prevent adjacent inductors from influencing each other, as the magnetic field of one device coupled with the windings of its neighbours. This influence is defined by the mutual inductance M. For example if two inductors are in series, there are two possible equivalent inductances depending on how the magnetic fields of both inductors influence each other.
When there are more than two inductors, the mutual inductance between each of them and the way the coils influence each other complicates the calculation. For a larger number of coils the total combined inductance is given by the sum of all mutual inductances between the various coils including the mutual inductance of each given coil with itself, which we term self-inductance or simply inductance. For three coils, there are six mutual inductances , , and , and . There are also the three self-inductances of the three coils: , and .
Therefore
By reciprocity = so that the last two groups can be combined. The first three terms represent the sum of the self-inductances of the various coils. The formula is easily extended to any number of series coils with mutual coupling. The method can be used to find the self-inductance of large coils of wire of any cross-sectional shape by computing the sum of the mutual inductance of each turn of wire in the coil with every other turn since in such a coil all turns are in series.
Capacitors[edit]
Capacitors follow the same law using the reciprocals. The total capacitance of capacitors in series is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual capacitances:
- .
Switches[edit]
Two or more switches in series form a logical AND; the circuit only carries current if all switches are closed. See AND gate.
Cells and batteries[edit]
A battery is a collection of electrochemical cells. If the cells are connected in series, the voltage of the battery will be the sum of the cell voltages. For example, a 12 volt car battery contains six 2-volt cells connected in series. Some vehicles, such as trucks, have two 12 volt batteries in series to feed the 24-volt system.
Parallel circuits[edit]
If two or more components are connected in parallel, they have the same difference of potential (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage is applied to all circuit components connected in parallel. The total current is the sum of the currents through the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff’s current law.
Voltage[edit]
In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same for all elements.
Current[edit]
The current in each individual resistor is found by Ohm's law. Factoring out the voltage gives
- .
Resistance units[edit]
To find the total resistance of all components, add the reciprocals of the resistances of each component and take the reciprocal of the sum. Total resistance will always be less than the value of the smallest resistance:
- .
For only two resistances, the unreciprocated expression is reasonably simple:
This sometimes goes by the mnemonic product over sum.
For N equal resistances in parallel, the reciprocal sum expression simplifies to:
- .
and therefore to:
- .
To find the current in a component with resistance , use Ohm's law again:
- .
The components divide the current according to their reciprocal resistances, so, in the case of two resistors,
- .
An old term for devices connected in parallel is multiple, such as multiple connections for arc lamps.
Since electrical conductance is reciprocal to resistance, the expression for total conductance of a parallel circuit of resistors reads:
- .
The relations for total conductance and resistance stand in a complementary relationship: the expression for a series connection of resistances is the same as for parallel connection of conductances, and vice versa.
Inductors[edit]
Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors in parallel is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual inductances:
- .
If the inductors are situated in each other's magnetic fields, this approach is invalid due to mutual inductance. If the mutual inductance between two coils in parallel is M, the equivalent inductor is:
If
The sign of depends on how the magnetic fields influence each other. For two equal tightly coupled coils the total inductance is close to that of every single coil. If the polarity of one coil is reversed so that M is negative, then the parallel inductance is nearly zero or the combination is almost non-inductive. It is assumed in the 'tightly coupled' case M is very nearly equal to L. However if the inductances are not equal and the coils are tightly coupled there can be near short circuit conditions and high circulating currents for both positive and negative values of M, which can cause problems.
More than three inductors become more complex and the mutual inductance of each inductor on each other inductor and their influence on each other must be considered. For three coils, there are three mutual inductances , and . This is best handled by matrix methods and summing the terms of the inverse of the matrix (3 by 3 in this case).
The pertinent equations are of the form:
Capacitors[edit]
The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel is equal to the sum of their individual capacitances:
- .
The working voltage of a parallel combination of capacitors is always limited by the smallest working voltage of an individual capacitor.
Switches[edit]
Two or more switches in parallel form a logical OR; the circuit carries current if at least one switch is closed. See OR gate.
Cells and batteries[edit]
If the cells of a battery are connected in parallel, the battery voltage will be the same as the cell voltage, but the current supplied by each cell will be a fraction of the total current. For example, if a battery comprises four identical cells connected in parallel and delivers a current of 1 ampere, the current supplied by each cell will be 0.25 ampere. Parallel-connected batteries were widely used to power the valve filaments in portable radios. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (particularly laptop batteries) are often connected in parallel to increase the ampere-hour rating. Some solar electric systems have batteries in parallel to increase the storage capacity; a close approximation of total amp-hours is the sum of all amp-hours of in-parallel batteries.
Combining conductances[edit]
From Kirchhoff's circuit laws we can deduce the rules for combining conductances. For two conductances and in parallel, the voltage across them is the same and from Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) the total current is
Substituting Ohm's law for conductances gives
and the equivalent conductance will be,
For two conductances and in series the current through them will be the same and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law tells us that the voltage across them is the sum of the voltages across each conductance, that is,
Substituting Ohm's law for conductance then gives,
which in turn gives the formula for the equivalent conductance,
This equation can be rearranged slightly, though this is a special case that will only rearrange like this for two components.
Notation[edit]
The value of two components in parallel is often represented in equations by the parallel operator, two vertical lines (∥), borrowing the parallel lines notation from geometry.
This simplifies expressions that would otherwise become complicated by expansion of the terms. For instance:
- .
Applications[edit]
A common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is in batteries, where several cells connected in series are used to obtain a convenient operating voltage. Two disposable zinc cells in series might power a flashlight or remote control at 3 volts; the battery pack for a hand-held power tool might contain a dozen lithium-ion cells wired in series to provide 48 volts.
Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in electric multiple units trains. For example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in series (total 560 volts) plus a resistor to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for train lighting were superseded, first by motor-generators, then by solid state devices.
Series resistance can also be applied to the arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ. Each organ is supplied by a large artery, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins arranged in series. The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, as expressed by the following equation: Rtotal = Rartery + Rarterioles + Rcapillaries. The largest proportion of resistance in this series is contributed by the arterioles.[3]
Parallel resistance is illustrated by the circulatory system. Each organ is supplied by an artery that branches off the aorta. The total resistance of this parallel arrangement is expressed by the following equation: 1/Rtotal = 1/Ra + 1/Rb + ... 1/Rn. Ra, Rb, and Rn are the resistances of the renal, hepatic, and other arteries respectively. The total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.[3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcdResnick, Robert; Halliday, David (1966). 'Chapter 32'. Physics. Volume I and II (Combined international ed.). Wiley. LCCN66-11527. Example 1.
- ^Smith, R. J. (1966). Circuits, Devices and Systems (International ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 21. LCCN66-17612.
- ^ abCostanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Board Review Series. p. 74.
Further reading[edit]
- Williams, Tim (2005). The Circuit Designer's Companion. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN0-7506-6370-7.
- 'Resistor combinations: How many values using 1K ohm resistors?'. EDN magazine.
- Grotz, Bernhard (2018-01-04), 'Strömungswiderstand', Mechanik der Flüssigkeiten (in German)
External links[edit]
- Series circuit, Parallel circuit
- Series and Parallel Circuits chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC free ebook and Lessons In Electric Circuits series.
- Series-Parallel Combination Circuits chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC free ebook and Lessons In Electric Circuits series.
- Sameen Ahmed KhanHow many equivalent resistances?, Resonance Journal of Science Education, Vol. 17, No. 5, 468-475 (May 2012).
- Video “What’s a Circuit, Series and Parallel (ElectroBOOM101–005)” by ElectroBOOM.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Series_and_parallel_circuits&oldid=918793789'
Parallel versus serial communication.
In telecommunication and data transmission, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
Serial communication is used for all long-haul communication and most computer networks, where the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel communication impractical. Serial computer buses are becoming more common even at shorter distances, as improved signal integrity and transmission speeds in newer serial technologies have begun to outweigh the parallel bus's advantage of simplicity (no need for serializer and deserializer, or SerDes) and to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew, interconnect density). The migration from PCI to PCI Express is an example.
Cables[edit]
Many serial communication systems were originally designed to transfer data over relatively large distances through some sort of data cable.
Practically all long-distance communication transmits data one bit at a time, rather than in parallel, because it reduces the cost of the cable. The cables that carry this data (other than 'the' serial cable) and the computer ports they plug into are usually referred to with a more specific name, to reduce confusion.
Keyboard and mouse cables and ports are almost invariably serial—such as PS/2 port, Apple Desktop Bus and USB.
Parallel And Serial Ports Pdf
The cables that carry digital video are almost invariably serial—such as coax cable plugged into a HD-SDI port, a webcam plugged into a USB port or Firewire port, Ethernet cable connecting an IP camera to a Power over Ethernet port, FPD-Link, etc.
Other such cables and ports, transmitting data one bit at a time, include Serial ATA, Serial SCSI, Ethernet cable plugged into Ethernet ports, the Display Data Channel using previously reserved pins of the VGA connector or the DVI port or the HDMI port.
Serial buses[edit]
RS-232 connector.
Many communication systems were generally designed to connect two integrated circuits on the same printed circuit board, connected by signal traces on that board (rather than external cables).
Integrated circuits are more expensive when they have more pins. To reduce the number of pins in a package, many ICs use a serial bus to transfer data when speed is not important. Some examples of such low-cost serial buses include RS-232, SPI, I²C, DC-BUS, UNI/O, 1-Wire and PCI Express. In IC, serial bus may be typically implemented by using multiplexer (which utilizes technique called multiplexing).[1]
Serial versus parallel[edit]
The communication links, across which computers (or parts of computers) talk to one another, may be either serial or parallel. A parallel link transmits several streams of data simultaneously along multiple channels (e.g., wires, printed circuit tracks, or optical fibers); whereas, a serial link transmits only a single stream of data.
Although a serial link may seem inferior to a parallel one, since it can transmit less data per clock cycle, it is often the case that serial links can be clocked considerably faster than parallel links in order to achieve a higher data rate. Several factors allow serial to be clocked at a higher rate:
- Clock skew between different channels is not an issue (for unclocked asynchronous serial communication links).
- A serial connection requires fewer interconnecting cables (e.g., wires/fibers) and hence occupies less space. The extra space allows for better isolation of the channel from its surroundings.
- Crosstalk is less of an issue, because there are fewer conductors in proximity.
In many cases, serial is cheaper to implement than parallel. Many ICs have serial interfaces, as opposed to parallel ones, so that they have fewer pins and are therefore less expensive.
Examples of architectures[edit]
Parallel And Serial Interface
- ARINC 818 Avionics Digital Video Bus
- Atari SIO (Joe Decuir credits his work on Atari SIO as the basis of USB)
- CAN Control Area Network Vehicle Bus
- ccTalk Used in the money transaction and point-of-sale industry
- CoaXPress industrial camera protocol over Coax
- DC-BUS communication over DC power lines
- DMX512 control of theatrical lighting
- Fibre Channel (high-speed, for connecting computers to mass storage devices)
- InfiniBand (very high speed, broadly comparable in scope to PCI)
- I²C multidrop serial bus
- MIDI control of electronic musical instruments
- RS-232 (low-speed, implemented by serial ports)
- RS-422 multidrop serial bus
- RS-485 multidrop multimaster serial bus
- SDI-12 industrial sensor protocol
- SONET and SDH (high speed telecommunication over optical fibers)
- SpaceWire Spacecraft communication network
- T-1, E-1 and variants (high speed telecommunication over copper pairs)
- Universal Serial Bus (for connecting peripherals to computers)
- UNI/O multidrop serial bus
- 1-Wire multidrop serial bus
See also[edit]
![Parallel And Serial Connections Parallel And Serial Connections](https://www.dmlights.com/medias/Serial-versus-parallel-connection.jpg?context=bWFzdGVyfENvbnRlbnRJbWFnZXN8MTIxNzU1fGltYWdlL2pwZWd8Q29udGVudEltYWdlcy9oODgvaGY2Lzk2MTEzMjcxMTExOTguanBnfDg5OTgxOWNlYmZjOTY1MTg5OTVmMjgxN2JiNjQ0YzBjYzVhYTk0ZmQ0OTA2NDhiODM5YzMwODdmYjFjMGY4OGI)
- High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
- Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)
Serial Vs Parallel Port
References[edit]
- ^'Circuit Implementation Using Multiplexers'. www.ee.surrey.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
Serial Vs Parallel Interface
External links[edit]
Series Connection And Parallel Connection
- Serial Interface Tutorial for Robotics (contains many practical examples)
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